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 Learning MS-DOS Basics - A Tutorial

This tutorial gives you an opportunity to try basic MS-DOS commands. By following the

procedures in this section, you will learn to:

o View the contents of a directory

o Change from one directory to another

o Create and delete directories

o Change from one drive to another

o Copy files

o Rename files

o Delete files

o Format a floppy disk

The Command Prompt

When you first turn on your computer, you will see some cryptic information flash by.

MS-DOS displays this information to let you know how it is configuring your computer.

You can ignore it for now. When the information stops scrolling past, you'll see the

following:

C:\>

This is called the command prompt or DOS prompt. The flashing underscore next to

the command prompt is called the cursor. The cursor shows where the command you

type will appear.

Typing a Command

This section explains how to type a command at the command prompt and demonstrates

the "Bad command or file name" message.

• To type a command at the command prompt

1. Type the following at the command prompt (you can type the command in either

uppercase or lowercase letters ):

nul

If you make a typing mistake, press the BACKSPACE key to erase the mistake, and

then try again.

2. Press ENTER.

You must press ENTER after every command you type.

The following message appears:

Bad command or file name

The "Bad command or file name" message appears when you type something that MSDOS

does not recognize. Because nul is not a valid MS-DOS command, MS-DOS

displays the "Bad command or file name" message.

3. Now, type the following command at the command prompt:

ver

The following message appears on your screen:

MS-DOS version 6.22

Viewing the Contents of a Directory

In this section, you will view the contents of a directory by using the dir command. The

dir command stands for "directory."

• To view the contents of a directory

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

dir

A list similar to the following appears:

Volume in drive C is MS-DOS_6.22

Volume Serial Number is lE49-15E2

Directory of C:\

WINDOWS <DIR> 09-08-92 10:27p

TEMP <DIR> 05-15-92 12:09p

CONFIG SYS 278 09-23-92 10:50a

COMMAND COM 53014 09-18-92 6:00a

WINA20 386 9349 11-11-91 5:00a

DOS <DIR> 09-02-92 4:23p

AUTOEXEC BAT 290 09-23-92 10:54a

7 file(s) 62931 bytes

8732672 bytes free

This is called a directory list. 

Changing Directories

Look at the list on your screen. All the names that have <DIR> beside them are

directories. You can see a list of the files in another directory by changing to that

directory, and then using the dir command again. In this case, you will change

to the DOS directory.

Before you begin this section, make sure you have a directory named DOS by

carrying out the following procedure.

o To make sure you have a directory named Windows

1.If you do not see a line in the directory list indicating that you have a directory

named Windows, type the following at the command prompt:

dir /s Windows

You will see a message that includes a line such as the following:

\Directory of C:\DIRNAME

o To change from the root directory to the WINDOWS directory

To change directories, you will use the cd command. The cd command stands for

"change directory."

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

cd windows

The command prompt changes. It should now look like the following:

C:\WINDOWS>

Next, you will use the dir command to view a list of the files in the DOS directory.

o To view a list of the files in the WINDOWS directory

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

dir

A list of the files in the WINDOWS directory appears, but scrolls by too quickly to read.

You can modify the dir command so that it displays only one screen of information at a

time.

o To view the contents of a directory one screen at a time

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

dir /p

One screen of information appears. At the bottom of the screen, you will see the

following message:

Press any key to continue . . .

2. To view the next screen of information, press any key on your keyboard.

Repeat this step until the command prompt appears at the bottom of your screen.

When you typed the dir command this time, you included the /p switch after the

command. A switch modifies the way MS-DOS carries out a command. Generally, a

switch consists of a forward slash (/) that is followed by one or more letters or numbers.

When you used the /p switch with the dir command, you specified that MS-DOS should

pause after it displays each screen of directory list information. The p actually stands for

"page"

Another helpful switch you can use with the dir command is the /w switch. The /w

switch indicates that MS-DOS should show a wide version of the directory list.

o To view the contents of a directory in wide format

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

dir /w

The directory list appears, with the filenames listed in wide format. Note that only

filenames are listed. No information about the files' size or date and time of creation

appears.

2. If the directory contains more files than will fit on one screen, you can combine the /p

and /w switches as follows:

dir /w /p

Changing Back to the Root Directory

Next, you will change from the DOS directory to the root directory. The root

directory is the directory you were in before you changed to the DOS directory.

Before you begin this section, make sure your command prompt looks like the

following:

C:\DOS>

o To change to the root directory

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

cd \

Note that the slash you type in this command is a backslash (\), not a forward

slash (/).

No matter which directory you are in, this command always returns you to the

root directory of a drive. The root directory does not have a name. It is simply

referred to by a backslash (\).

The command prompt should now look like the following:

C:\>

When your command prompt appears similar to this---that is, when it does not

contain the name of a directory---you are in the root directory.

Creating a Directory

In this section, you will create two directories. Creating a directory is helpful if

you want to organize related files into groups to make them easy to find. Before

you begin this section, make sure the command prompt looks like the following:

C:\>

To create a directory, you will use the md command. The md command stands

for "make directory."

o To create and change to a directory named FRUIT

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

md fruit

You have now creat ed a directory named FRUIT. You won't see the new FRUIT

directory until you carry out the dir command in the next step.

2. To confirm that you successfully created the FRUIT directory, type the

following at the command prompt:

dir

or

dir /p

Look through the directory list. A new entry somewhere in the list should look

similar to the following:

FRUIT <DIR> 09-25-93 12:09p

3. To change to the new FRUIT directory, type the following at the command

prompt:

cd fruit

The command prompt should now look like the following:

C:\FRUIT>

You will now create a directory within the FRUIT directory, named GRAPES.

o To create and work with a directory named GRAPES

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

md grapes

You will not see the new GRAPES directory until you carry out the dir command in the

next step.

2. To confirm that you successfully created the GRAPES directory, type the following at the

command prompt:

dir

A list similar to the following appears:

Volume in drive C is MS-DOS-6

Volume Serial Number is lE49-15E2

Directory of C:\FRUIT

. <DIR> 09-25-93 12:08p

.. <DIR> 09-25-93 12:08p

GRAPES <DIR> 09-25-93 12:10p

3 file(s) 0 bytes

11534336 bytes free

Note that there are three entries in the FRUIT directory. One is the GRAPES directory

that you just created. There are two other entries---one looks like a single period (.) and

the other looks like a double period (..). These directory entries are important to MSDOS,

but you can ignore them. They appear in every directory and cont ain information

relation to the directory structure.

The GRAPES directory is a subdirectory of the FRUIT directory. A subdirectory is a

directory within another directory. Subdirectories are useful if you want to further

subdivide information.

3. To change to the GRAPES directory, type the following at the command prompt:

cd grapes

The command prompt should now look like the following:

C:\FRUIT\GRAPES>

4. To switch back to the FRUIT directory, type the following:

cd ..

The command prompt should now look like the following:

C:\FRUIT>

When the cd command is followed by two periods (..), MS-DOS moves up one

level in the directory structure. In this case, you moved up one level from the

GRAPES directory to the FRUIT directory.

Deleting a Directory

If you no longer use a particular directory, you may want to delete it to simplify

your directory structure. Deleting a directory is also useful if you type the wrong

name when you are creating a directory and you want to delete the incorrect

directory before creating a new one.

In this section, you will delete the GRAPES directory. Before you begin this

section, make sure the command prompt looks like the following:

C:\FRUIT>

To delete a directory, use the rd command. The rd command stands for "remove

directory."

o To delete the GRAPES directory

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

rd grapes

2. To confirm that you successfully deleted the GRAPES directory, type the following at the

command prompt:

dir

The GRAPES directory should no longer appear in the directory list.

Note You cannot delete a directory if you are in it. Before you can delete a

directory, you must make the directory that is one level higher the current

directory. To do this, type cd.. at the command prompt.

Changing Drives

This section describes how to change drives. Changing drives is useful if you

want to work with files that are on a different drive.

So far, you have been working with drive C. You have other drives you can use

to store information. For example, drive A is your first floppy disk drive. The

files and directories on drive A are located on the floppy disk in the drive. (You

might also have a drive B, which contains the files and directories stored on the

floppy disk in that drive.)

Before you begin this section, make sure your command prompt looks like the

following:

C:\FRUIT>

o To change to and view files on a different drive

1. Insert a 3.5" floppy disk in drive A label- side up. Make sure the disk clicks

into the drive.

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

a:

Note that the command prompt changed to the following:

A:\>

This message may appear:

Not ready reading drive A

Abort, Retry, Fail?

If you see this message, the disk may not be inserted properly. Place the disk label-side

up in the disk drive, and make sure the disk clicks into the disk drive. Then, type r for

Retry. If this message appears again, press F for Fail, and then type b: at the command

prompt. If you no longer see this message, type b: instead of a: throughout the rest of the

tutorial.

There must be a floppy disk in the drive that you want to change to.

2. Change back to drive C by typing the following at the command prompt:

c:

Your command prompt should return to the following:

C:\FRUIT>

When you type a drive letter followed by a colon, you change to that drive. The drive

letter that appears in the command prompt shows which drive is the current drive. Unless

you specify otherwise, any commands you type are carried out on the current drive and in

the current directory.

So far, all the commands you typed were carried out on the current drive and in the

current directory. You can also carry out a command on a drive that isn't current. For

example, you can view the files on a disk in drive A without switching to drive A by

following this procedure.

o To view the contents of the WINDOWS directory on drive C

1. Type the following at the command prompt:

dir c:\windows

A list of the files in the DOS directory on drive C should scroll past on your screen.

Copying Files

This section describes how to copy a single file and a group of files. Copying files creates

a duplicate of the original file and does not remove the original file. This is useful for

many reasons. For example, if you want to work on a document at home, you can copy it

from your computer at work to a floppy disk and then take the floppy disk home.

To copy a file, you will use the copy command. When you use the copy command, you

must include two parameters. The first is the location and name of the file you want to

copy, or the source. The second is the location to which you want to copy the file, or the

destination. You separate the source and destination with a space. The copy command

follows this pattern:

-copy source destination

• Copying a Single File

In this section, you will copy the notepad.exe files from the WINDOWS directory to the FRUIT

directory. You will specify the source and destination of these files in two different ways. The

difference between the two methods is explained at the end of this section.

Before you begin this section, make sure the command prompt looks like the following:

C:\FRUIT>

To copy the NOTEPAD.EXE files from the WINDOWS directory to the FRUIT directory

1. Return to the root directory by typing the following at the command prompt:

cd\

The command prompt should now look like the following:

C:\>

Change to the DOS directory by typing the following at the command prompt:

cd windows

The command prompt should now look like the following:

C:\WINDOWS>

2. Make sure the file you are going to copy, NOTEPAD.EXE, is located in the WINDOWS directory

by using the dir command followed by a filename.

dir notepad.exe

A list similar to the following appears:

3. To copy the NOTEPAD.EXE file from the WINDOWS directory to the FRUIT directory, type the

following at the command prompt:

copy c:\windows\notepad.exe c:\fruit

The following message appears:

1 file(s) copied

4. To confirm that you copied the files successfully, view the contents of the FRUIT directory by

typing the following at the command prompt:

dir \fruit

You should see the file listed in the FRUIT directory.

Renaming Files

This section explains how to rename files. You may want to rename a file if the information in it changes or

if you decide you prefer another name.

To rename a file, you will use the ren command. The ren command stands for "rename." When you use

the ren command, you must include two parameters.

The first is the file you want to rename, and the second is the new name for the file. You separate the two

names with a space. The ren command follows this pattern:

ren oldname newname

• Renaming a File

In this section, you will rename the README.TXT file.

Before you begin this section, make sure your command prompt looks like the following:

C:\FRUIT>

1. To rename the NOTEPAD.EXE file to PADNOTE.TXT, type the following at the command

prompt:

ren notpad.exe padnote.txt

2. To confirm that you renamed the file successfully, type the following at the command prompt:

dir

Deleting Files

This section explains how to delete, or remove, a file that you no longer want on your disk. If you don’t

have very much disk space, deleting files you no longer use is essential.

To delete a file, you will use the del command. The del command stands for "delete."

• Deleting a File

In this section, you will delete two files using the del command.

Before you begin, make sure your command prompt looks like the following:

C:\FRUIT>

To delete the PEARCOM and PEAR.HLP files

1. Delete the PADNOTE.TXT file by typing the following at the command prompt:

del PADNOTE.TXT

2. To confirm that you deleted the files successfully, type the following at the command prompt:

dir

• Deleting a Group of Files

In this section, you will use wildcards to delete a group of files.

Before you begin this section, make sure your command prompt looks like the following:

C:\FRUIT>

To delete files in the current directory that end with the extension OLD by using wildcards

1. View all files that end with the extension OLD by typing the following at the command prompt:

dir *.old

A list of all the files that end with the extension OLD appears. Make sure that these are the files

you want to delete. When you are deleting files by using wildcards, this step is very important. It

will prevent you from deleting files accidentally.

2. Delete all files ending with OLD by typing the following at the command prompt:

del *.old

3. To confirm that all the files with the extension OLD have been deleted, type the following at the

command prompt:

dir

The FRUIT directory should contain no files.

Now that the FRUIT directory is empty, you can delete it by using the rd (remove directory) command that

you learned to use in "Deleting a Directory" earlier in this chapter.

• To delete the FRUIT directory

1. Return to the root directory by typing the following at the command prompt:

cd \

2. You can see the FRUIT directory in the directory list by typing the following at the command

prompt:

dir or dir /p

3. Remove the FRUIT directory by typing the following at the command prompt:

rd fruit

4. To verify that the FRUIT directory has been removed, type the following at the command prompt:

dir or dir /p

The FRUIT directory should not appear in the directory list.

This is all of basic inforation of using Command Prompt. After this we are moving to Basic Hacking Using CMD.

This Tutorials is not for JUST READING, this tutorial are create for your reference for the next topics.